What Are C++ Run-Time Concepts?

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Khushi Singh · Answer

The processes and operations that take place during C++ program execution constitute the Run-Time Concepts, which are separate from compile-time concepts dealing with code compilation stages. These ideas remain essential for performing dynamic operations and controlling memory space allocation as well as interacting with system operations. The following section presents the main concepts that C++ executes during runtime:
1. Dynamic Memory Allocation
While programs execute C++ allocate memory through new, then release it with delete. Run-time memory allocation features enable dynamic resource utilization, which matches program requirements during operational execution.
int* ptr = new int; // allocation at run-time
*ptr = 10;
delete ptr;         // deallocation
2. Polymorphism (Virtual Functions)
Through virtual functions together with inheritance, C++ supports run-time polymorphism, which enables method overriding as well as late binding based on current object types at runtime.
class Base { public: virtual void show() { cout andlt;andlt; "Base"; } };
class Derived : public Base { public: void show() override { cout andlt;andlt; "Derived"; } };
Base* obj = new Derived();
obj-andgt;show(); // Outputs "Derived" at run-time
3. Type Information (RTTI)
Programs determine object types through execution by using the typeId 
and dynamic_cast feature of Run-Time Type Information.
4. Exception Handling
Try-catch blocks enable the handling of execution errors within the program. The program implementation can process unexpected behaviors while operating without generating any crashes.
5. Input/Output Operations
The program executes time-dependent operations using streams, which include cin, cout, ifstream, and ofstream for handling user inputs and file functions.
6. Function Pointers and Callbacks
Program behavior becomes more adaptable because functions work as variables that let developers invoke them during execution.
A C++ program implements run-time concepts to create dynamic functionality that responds to user inputs and data changes, and runtime situations.
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What Are C++ Run-Time Concepts?

Ashutosh Kumar Verma

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